Toyama believed that the Japanese could easily take over Manchuria and that Sun Yat-sen and other anti-Qing revolutionaries would not resist and help the Japanese take over and enlarge the opium trade in China, while the Qing was trying to destroy the opium trade.
They were allegedly started by disobedient troops of , a loyal officer of Yuan.
During and after the 1911 Revolution, many groups that participated wanted their own pennant as the national flag.
In Tokyo, proposed to overthrow the Manchus and return to Chinese classical values.
They were launched by a decree from eight provinces.
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 2.